Methods for collecting and using placenta cord blood stem cells

ABSTRACT

An innovative method of collecting cord blood stem cells from an isolated mammalian non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated placenta by placental perfusion is described and also an easy method for safe long duration cold storage of the placenta. Placental perfusion can include perfusing the isolated placenta with a pulsatile flow of perfusion solution, for example, using a pulsatile or peristaltic pump or device. The stem cells can then be isolated from the perfusate. Significantly increased amounts of CD133+ stem cells can be collected from the perfusate. The perfusion solution can include an anticoagulant. The isolated mammalian placenta need not be treated with an anticoagulant prior to perfusing. The isolated placenta can be free from an anticoagulant prior to perfusing.

This application is a divisional application claiming the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/268,319, filed Nov. 10, 2008, which claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/US2007/011359, filed May 11, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/799,734, filed May 11, 2006. The aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present subject matter relates to an efficient method for collecting placenta cord blood stem cells, an easy method for safe long duration cold storage of the placenta, and methods for using the collected stem cells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present subject matter relates to stem cell collection from the placenta detailing a new method which is clinically feasible, convenient, and highly efficient. It also involves making harvesting and banking of all tissues derived from the placenta easy, efficient, under the highest quality control by delivering the clamped unmanipulated cooled sterile packaged placenta post-partum to a potential centralized facility that can service a local, state, country, region, or world-wide customer/patient base. Particularly, the present subject matter describes a new finding that residual placenta cord blood cells gathered by machine pulsatile perfusion are more enriched with the primitive hematopoietic stem cell phenotypes (CD133+) compared to those from conventional needle/syringe withdrawal or gravity drainage collection and potentially allows cord blood cells from a single donor to be used for regenerative medicine purposes through out a lifetime. Increased stem cell numbers obtained from a single placenta using the described method can also improve allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant outcomes and obviate the use of double or triple cord blood grafts from different donors in order to compensate for insufficient stem cells from a single donor graft. Another particular of the present subject matter is the new finding that a whole unmanipulated placenta right after delivery with the umbilical cord clamped can be placed into a suitable sterile container that is cooled with ice and transported to a central facility up to 40 hours away for harvesting and banking of all available tissue types without any significant loss of viability.

2. Description of the Background Art

Cord Blood Collection Method and Cord Blood Transplantation in Adults

Umbilical CB cells are a promising source of HSC to perform allogeneic HSC transplantation for hematological malignancies and bone marrow failure syndrome (Kurtzberg et al., 1996; Wagner et al., 1996; Gluckman et al., 1997; Rubinstein et al., 1998). Significant advantages include a rapid access to CB cells which are stored in CB banks nationwide and acceptance of 1-2 human leukocyte antigen mismatch grafts due to infrequent severe graft versus host disease (GVHD) compared to the matched unrelated donor grafts (Barker et al., 2002). CB cells enable patients to choose allogeneic transplant as a curative option for hematological malignancies where otherwise no suitable match donors are available, particularly among patients in minority groups. Despite the above advantages, the use of CB is limited in adults due to insufficient numbers of cells, including CD34+ cells and progenitors. CB transplant using low levels of total nucleated cell counts leads to significant delays in post-transplant engraftment of neutrophils and platelets or engraftment failures (Wagner et al., 2002; Laughlin et al., 2004). Known procedures for harvesting CB include draining the blood by gravity from the delivered placenta, and draining the blood by venipuncture into collection bags or syringes.

Since CB supplies are barely enough for only one time use or more recently using double CB supplies from two non-identical donors, adult CB transplants have been performed generally under a clinical research basis only when suitable unrelated donors are not available. In practice, a recovery of only 20-40 ml is not unusual and these CB cells are therefore not even used or stored (Lasky et al, 2002; George et al, 2006). In such cases, a significant amount of uncollected CB cells still remain in the placenta and are discarded since there is no standardized supplemental method that can collect them after the initial harvest to supplement it. To expand the future CB bank donor pool, it is important to investigate improved CB harvesting methods including how to collect the residual CB cells that are left after conventional CB harvesting (Harris et al, 1994). More importantly, availability of an increased amount of CB cells from the same placenta may allow storing an amount of CB cells sufficient for multiple uses including back up or graft engineering such as an ex vivo expansion and adoptive immunotherapy.

Current Knowledge in HSC Plasticity and Tissue Regeneration

Over the past decade, many types of stem cells which have the capacity to replicate, self-renew, and differentiate, have been identified in humans. Totipotent stem cells are capable of forming every type of body cell, and these cells are within the early embryo and are the so-called human ES cells. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of developing into endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm. Tissue specific stem cells are committed to make certain tissues only. For example, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are responsible for all types of blood cells but no other tissue types and their continued presence in an adult allows for a repair capability. However, investigators have found that cells like adult HSC which were considered to be responsible for production of different types of hematopoietic progenitor cells even gave rise to cells of different tissue or organ such as neural cells or muscle cells.

Research studies on transdifferentiation of adult HSC continue to be controversial and active research investigations are on going. In contrast, a number of clinical cases have reported evidence of nonhematopoietic cell generation after either BM transplantation or cardiac transplantation. A retrospective study to look for BM transdifferentiation into brain after BM transplantation showed evidence of neuropoiesis, detection of astrocytes and microglia in a long-term setting without cell fusion (Cogle et al., 2004). Other reports have noted detection of donor cells in osteoblasts, hepatocytes, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract epithelia, stroma after BM transplant; keratinocytes/hepatocytes/GI tract/skin epithelia after peripheral blood stem cell transplant; and cardiomyocytes with and without endothelium after cardiac transplant with a wide range of percent amounts found (Hruban et al., 1993; Theise et al., 2000; Korbling et al., 2002; Muller et al., 2002; Okamoto et al., 2002; Quaini et al., 2002).

Cord Blood Cells as a Source of Adult Stem Cells

Although human ES cells can be differentiated and expanded in vitro to produce different types of progenitors, its application in patients is currently hindered by multiple ethical issues. In addition, the purity issue of embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor cells has to be solved. By contrast, adult stem cell populations derived from hematopoietic tissues including bone marrow and umbilical CB cells were found to be capable of differentiation into ectoderm or endoderm upon exposure to adequate stimuli (Eglitis and Mezey, 1997; Brazelton et al., 2000; Mezey et al., 2000; Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2005). In particular, CB derived stem cells have further advantages compared to the other sources since they are collected from the placenta which is normally discarded, thus requiring no tissue damage to the host upon harvesting the cells. Compared to the BM cells, CB has primitive ontogeny with naïve immune status and relatively unshortened telomere length.

Among debates concerning whether truly pluripotent somatic stem cells exist, cells derived from the CB and placenta have been increasingly focused on as containing interesting properties for potential clinical exploitation. Recently, CB has been shown to contain a heterogeneous cell population and recognized as a source of pluripotent stem cells (Goodwin et al, 2001; Sanchez-Ramos et al, 2001; Bicknese et al, 2002; Sanchez-Ramos, 2002; Zigova et al, 2002) Others reported that adherent cell population isolated from a week long suspension culture of CB cells after lineage positive cell depletion were shown to express immunohistochemical evidence of ectodermal and endodermal features (McGuckin et al, 2004). There is a series of successful CB transplant reports on children suffering from the neurodegenerative disorder Krabbe leukodystrophy (Escolar et al, 2005).

The present inventor hypothesizes that these unique features found in CB stem cells may be from a recently published emerging concept that the gestational placenta may be a hematopoietic niche during embryo development (Gekas et al, 2005; Ottersbach and Dzierzak, 2005). It is a simple assumption that a full-term placenta may also contain remnant primitive stem cells adherent to the vascular niche, or possibly due to the stress associated with “birth”, there may be an increased number of circulating stem cells that are released from fetal BM or liver which have migrated to the placenta niche. Thus, the present inventor hypothesizes that placenta derived CB cells obtained by this innovation may contain more primitive stem cells (ES cell-like cells) left as remnant stem cells deposited in a placenta vascular bed niche since embryogenesis.

Isolation and Selection of Primitive CB Cells Including ES Cell-Like Cells and Primitive HSC

To identify common stem cell markers using comparison analysis of gene expression patterns from embryonic, hematopoietic, and neural stem cells, only one gene was identified (probably due to technical difficulties) (Fortunel et al, 2003). Thus, to identify and select stem cells may still require several markers to isolate these cells. One of the characteristics that can be used to distinguish stem cells is the absence of markers of differentiation. This approach has been used widely in HSC field to perform enrichment of stem cells to be employed for therapy. This “Lineage negative (Lin−)” trait is a common property of many stem cell populations (Cai et al, 2004b). To further enrich the stem cell population from Lin− CB cells, it has been reported that CD133+ marker demonstrated a high proliferation potential on growth factor stimulation (Forraz et al, 2004). Others reported that CD133+/CD34− subset might represent more primitive stem cells as they did not produce colony forming cells (CFC) in methylcellulose, but exhibited the highest SCID repopulating cells frequency (Kuci et al, 2003). Embryonic stem cell markers such as stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 are expressed only on ES cells which have been widely used in the characterization of pluripotent stem cell and antibodies compatible to FACS analysis (which are commercially available). Most recently, Kucia et al. described a primitive stem cell population called “very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells” which carry Lin−/CD45−/CXCR4+/CD133+/CD34+ phenotype (Kucia et al, 2006). These cells were also positive for embryonic transcription factors Oct-4 and Nanog.

Alternatively, the method using the presence of general metabolic markers has also been used to identify and isolate stem cells. One of the metabolic markers that has been described is aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (Takebe et al, 2001). The fluorescent substrate of ALDH, Aldefluor (StemCell), has been used to demonstrate increased ALDH activity in neural stem cells (Cai et al, 2004b; Corti et al, 2006) and HSC (Storms et al, 1999). This nontoxic, live labeling method can be used to identify other stem cell populations as well (Cai et al, 2004a). Furthermore, Rhodamine uptake and Hoechst dye labeling has been used to select stem cell populations from BM, CB, mesenchymal, muscle, and adult brain (Kim et al., 2002; Bhattacharya et al., 2003; Migishima et al., 2003; Parmar et al., 2003). The side population (SP) which is demonstrated by low uptake of Hoechst dye 33342 represents the highest capability of self-renewing and pluripotency. Hoechst dye uptake is regulated by a membrane transporter ABCG2 and the SP population is defined as the expression of ABCG2 protein (Zhou et al., 2001; Scharenberg et al., 2002). ABCG2 protein is also expressed specifically in neural stem cells and decreases in expression when precursor cells differentiate (Cai et al., 2002).

Evidence of Ectodermal Cell Transdifferentiation from Human Hematopoietic Cell Lineage.

There are increasing reports of BM stroma derived progenitors differentiating into neural cells since these cells were first reported to show differentiation into muscle, glia, and hepatocytes in mouse (Azizi et al., 1998; Ferrari et al., 1998; Petersen et al., 1999). In vitro evidence of neuron specific proteins inductions, such as nestin, neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), and glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) in cells derived from human and rodent BM stromal cells were reported after stimulation with retinoic acid, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2000). Among non-mesenchymal hematopoietic progenitors, several reports have shown that human CB mononuclear cells including separated CD133+ cells were induced to express neuronal and glial markers in vitro such as beta-tublin III, GFAP after exposure to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and hEGF, and also Musashi-1 after retinoic acid and nerve growth factor (NGF) exposure (Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2001; Bicknese et al., 2002).

Evidence of Endodermal Cell Transdifferentiation from Hematopoietic Cell Lineage.

Previously, hepatocytes were thought to be transformed from infused BM cells in a mouse model (Lagasse et al., 2000), but it was found to be caused by cell fusion in that particular liver regeneration model (Wang et al, 2003b). Others also found that myelomonocytic cells from BM HSC source were the major source of hepatocyte fusion partners (Camargo et al, 2004). CB cells isolated from a lineage positive cell depletion procedure followed by a week of suspension culture formed an adherent cell population which were found to express markers for hepatic cells after further incubation with hepatocyte growth medium (McGuckin et al, 2005). In vivo evidence of hepatocyte-like cell development in the liver treated with CCl₄ in immune deficient mice after CB CD34+.CD38-CD7− transplant was reported (Wang et al, 2003a) and more recently in a non-injury model using fetal sheep, human hepatocytes were generated through BM reconstitution of fetal sheep by human HSC, including CD34+/Lin−, CD34−/Lin−, CD34+/Lin−/CD38−, CD34−/Lin−/CD38−, CD34+/Lin−/CD133+, CD34+/Lin−/CD133− derived from either BM, peripheral blood, or CB (Almeida-Porada et al, 2004).

Harvesting and Banking of Other Tissue Types from the Placenta.

The placenta as a valuable source of a wide variety of tissues (other than cord blood) that can be harvested, banked, and transplanted has been gaining increasing acceptance within the medical community (Parolini et al., 2008). For example, a part of the placenta called the amnion, or the outer membrane of the amniotic sac, is comprised of cells that have strikingly similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells, including the ability to express two key genes that give embryonic stem cells their unique capability for developing into any kind of specialized cell. Amniotic epithelial cells could in fact be directed to form liver, pancreas, heart and nerve cells under the right laboratory conditions. Another example is Wharton's Jelly composed of primitive connective tissue of the umbilical cord. Wharton's jelly stem cells (WJSCs) have significant therapeutic potential because large number of cells are easily isolated and may be better tolerated following transplantation because of their low immunogenicity and immune suppression. The cells are a potential important tool for tissue engineering, cell and gene therapy for various genetic diseases and acquired diseases since WJSCs can be induced to form adipose tissue, bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, cardio myocyte-like cells and neural cells. WJSCs could be used to treat protein deficiencies, disorders of bone and cartilage, cardiac diseases, bone marrow stromal disorders, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke) and even cerebral palsy. Finally, placental tissues have been used directly in the treatment of burned and ulcerated skin and conjunctival defects. It is noted that amniotic membranes have many beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, analgesia, wound healing, etc.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present subject matter relates to an innovative method of collecting cord blood (CB) derived stem cells from a placenta, an easy method for safe long duration cold transportation of the placenta for comprehensive tissue harvesting and banking at a centralized facility within 40 hours of the post-partum delivery, and methods for using the collected stem cells. In one embodiment of the invention, the placental perfusion may be performed by pulsatile machine placental perfusion (PMPP). PMPP can be combined with either completion of a conventional collection method, usually venipuncture (aspiration of umbilical cord vasculature with a needle and syringe) or gravity drainage, or no prior collection. PMPP can be performed with an anticoagulant containing organ perfusion solution to flush the cord blood cells out and subsequently collect the resulting stem cell containing perfusate. This method does not require any preparation or injection of anticoagulants into the placenta post delivery to prevent clotting. The isolated placenta can be cooled, for example, by placing on ice, prior to perfusion. If perfusion is performed within one hour of placental isolation, the placenta need not be cooled prior to perfusion. The presently described method may still be performed if the placenta is prepared or injected with an anticoagulant prior to performing perfusion. If cord blood cells are first collected using conventional methods, the residual cord blood cells obtained with PMPP can be added to this initial collection. The PMPP obtained cord blood cells can also be stored as back up cells or stored for future cell graft engineering and regenerative medicine purposes. The convenience of not needing immediate removal of cord blood stem cells from the placenta and the ability to ship it directly on ice only without any further preparations to a central facility makes this method potentially attractive to be incorporated into the currently established cord blood cell banking system by transportation of the placenta for comprehensive tissue harvesting and banking at a centralized facility (for local, state, country, regional, continent, world-wide customer/patient base)

One embodiment comprises a method of collecting cord blood stem cells from an isolated non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated mammalian placenta. Other embodiments can comprise performing placental perfusion on a mammalian placenta with a perfusion solution, for example, at least a first volume of perfusion solution, to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood stem cells; collecting the perfusate comprising cord blood stem cells; and isolating cord blood stem cells from the perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells. Perfusing can comprise perfusing with one or more volumes of perfusion solution, for example, from 1 to 3 volumes of perfusion solution.

In some embodiments, the perfusing comprises subjecting the non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated mammalian placenta to a pressure-mediated flow of perfusion solution. In certain embodiments, pressure-mediated flow of perfusion solution comprises a pulsatile flow of perfusion solution. In some embodiments the pressure-mediated flow of perfusion solution comprises one or more of a positive pressure-mediated flow of perfusion solution or a negative pressure-mediated flow of perfusion solution.

In some embodiments, the method comprises subjecting the non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated mammalian placenta to a pressure-mediated flow of perfusate, for example, via pulsatile perfusion, wherein perfusing is carried out under conditions sufficient to produce a mammalian placenta substantially free from cord blood stem cells. It is also substantially free to totally free of all intravascular blood ensuring cross contamination of other harvested placental tissues by blood is minimized. In further embodiments, the placental perfusion is performed using a peristaltic pump.

Generally, the method involves isolating stem cells present in the cord blood of an isolated placenta. The isolated stem cells may comprise embryonic stem cell (ES)-like stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells or combinations thereof. Other cord blood cells that can be obtained by this method include T-cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and B cells.

In other embodiments, the method may further comprise: prior to perfusing, isolating a mammalian placenta from a mammalian donor to produce an isolated mammalian placenta; and cooling the isolated mammalian placenta to produce a cooled mammalian placenta.

In several embodiments, the isolated placenta is cooled or kept on ice after procurement, and before perfusing. In some embodiments, the cooled isolated placenta is maintained at a temperature ranging from about >0° C. to about 6° C., or from about 1° C. to about 4° C., provided the placenta is not permitted to freeze, prior to performing the perfusion. In other embodiments, the placenta is maintained at a temperature ranging from about 4° C. to about 10° C. for four hours, prior to performing the perfusion. In one embodiment, the placenta is kept at 4° C., prior to performing the perfusion. In certain embodiments, the isolated cooled placenta is maintained for a period of time of up to about 40 hours, after procurement and before perfusing, facilitating comprehensive harvesting of other placenta derived tissue types and banking at a centralized facility within 40 hours of the post-partum delivery.

In some embodiments, the method does not require administration or injection of an anticoagulant into the placenta prior to perfusing. In one embodiment, the placenta is not administered or injected with an anticoagulant prior to perfusing.

In some embodiments, the perfusate solution comprises a physiologically-compatible solution Belzer (non-human use RPMI of IMDM). In other embodiments, the perfusate solution comprises an anticoagulant. In certain embodiments, the perfusate solution comprises an anticoagulant selected from heparin, creatine phosphate dextrose (CPDA), or any combination of two or more thereof.

In some embodiments, the placenta is partially exsanguinated prior to performing placental perfusion. Generally, the cord blood may be exsanguinated from the placenta using standard methods such as venipuncture (for example, by needle and syringe) or gravity drainage (for example, by needle and bag). Generally, stem cells may be isolated from the cord blood exsanguinated from the placenta by such standard methods. In some embodiments of the invention, stem cells isolated from the exsanguinated placenta using standard methods may be combined with stem cells isolated using the inventive perfusion methods. In some embodiments, the combined stem cells from both methods may be used to derive further stem cell ontogeny.

In one embodiment, the placenta is perfused via a closed system using the umbilical arteries and/or umbilical vein. In some embodiments, the placenta is perfused, and the cord blood removed comprising viable stem cells, up to about 40 hours post-delivery which allows for centralized harvesting and banking at a facility serving a large geographic area up to an including world-wide. In certain embodiments, the placenta is perfused, and the cord blood removed comprising viable stem cells, between about 6 hours and about 40 hours post-delivery.

In some embodiments, the PMPP of the attached placenta is performed at a pulse setting of about 15-60 beats/min. In certain embodiments, the PMPP of the attached placenta is performed at a systolic pressure ranging from 15 to 70 mmHg. In yet further embodiments, the PMPP of the attached placenta is performed for a time ranging from 5 min to 90 min, during which time cord blood is removed from the placenta. In some embodiments, the PMPP of the attached placenta is performed for a time ranging from 15 min to 35 min. In other embodiments, the PMPP of the attached placenta is performed for a time ranging from 20 min to 30 min. In further embodiments, the PMPP of the attached placenta is performed for a minimum amount of time selected from at least 10 min, at least 15 min, at least 20 min, at least 25 min, at least 30 min, at least 40 min, at least 50 min, and at least 60 min, wherein the maximum perfusion time is not greater than 90 minutes for the selected minimum amount of time.

In certain embodiments, the isolated primitive hematopoietic stem cell phenotypes comprise one or more of CD 133+ cells, CD34+/CD38− cells, CD133+/CD34+ cells, CD133+/CD34− cells, CD117+ cells, CD90+ cells, CD59+ cells, Thy1+ cells, Lin− cells, CXCR4+ cells, ALDH^(high) cells, side population (SP) cells, SSEA-3+ cells, SSEA-4+ cells, TRA-1-60 cells, TRA-1-81 cells, or combinations thereof. In further embodiments, the isolated stem cells comprise primitive hematopoietic stem cell phenotypes that can differentiate into cells other than CD34+/CD38− cells, CD133+ cells, CD133+/CD34+ cells, or CD133+/CD34− cells.

In one embodiment, a method of collecting cord blood stem cells is described that can comprise or consist of providing an isolated non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated mammalian placenta comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells; perfusing the an isolated non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated mammalian placenta with a pressure mediated flow of a perfusion solution to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells; collecting the perfusate; and isolating the cord blood stem cells from the perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells. The isolated cord blood stem cells can be cryopreserved.

In another embodiment, a method of collecting cord blood stem cells is described that can comprise or consist of providing an isolated non-exsanguinated mammalian placenta comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells; partially exsanguinating the isolated non-exsanguinated mammalian placenta to produce a partially exsancuinated placenta and a volume of cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells; perfusing the partially exsanguinated mammalian placenta with a pressure mediated flow of a perfusion solution to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells; collecting the perfusate; and isolating the cord blood stem cells from the volume of cord blood and from the perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells. The isolated cord blood stem cells can be cryopreserved.

In some embodiments, the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about a 1.5-fold increase total mononuclear cell count obtained from one placenta compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In a further embodiment, wherein the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about a 5-fold enriched CD133+ cell percentage obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In yet another embodiment, the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about a 7-fold higher CD133+ cell population obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In one embodiment, the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about a 5.5 fold increased percentage of CD34+ cells obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In another embodiment, the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about a 4.9-fold increased total CD34+ cells obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In yet another embodiment, the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about a 14.8-fold increased CD34+/CD38− cell population percentage obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In yet another embodiment, the PMPP perfusate plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method, such as a needle and syringe, results in about an 11 times more CD34+/CD38− cells being collected compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone. A comparable total cell recovery is possible if the placenta is not exsanguinated prior to performing the inventive perfusion method.

In other embodiments, the cord blood stem cells may be cryopreserved.

In some embodiments, the described subject matter includes a method for treating a mammal (any species including horses) in need of hematopoietic reconstitution comprising (a) isolating hematopoietic stem cells derived from placental cord blood according to a method described herein and (b) culturing in vitro the hematopoietic stem cells isolated according to a method described herein, thereby producing progeny stem cells. In certain embodiments, these progeny stem cells may be used immediately or stored, for example by cryopreservation, for future use, such as in a unit for delivery to a patient in need thereof. In further embodiments, the method may further comprise (c) introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the progeny stem cells, whereby hematopoietic reconstitution is effected. In some embodiments, the mammal is chosen from a human or a primate, for example, such as a baboon or other primate.

In other embodiments, the described subject matter includes a method for treating a mammal in need of hematopoietic reconstitution comprising (a) isolating hematopoietic stem cells derived from placental cord blood according to a method described herein and (b) introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the isolated hematopoietic stem cells, whereby hematopoietic reconstitution is effected. In some embodiments, the mammal is chosen from a human or a primate, for example, such as a baboon or other primate.

In additional embodiments, the method for treating a mammal in need of hematopoietic reconstitution may further comprise cryopreserving the isolated stem cells before they, or their derived progeny cells, are introduced into a mammal in need thereof. In further embodiments, the isolated stem cells, or their derived progeny cells, that are introduced into a mammal in need thereof may be allogeneic, autologous, or a combination thereof, to the mammal receiving the cells. In certain embodiments, the isolated stem cells from more than one placenta can be pooled together for use in treating a mammal in need thereof. In further embodiments, the progeny derived from isolated stem cells of one isolated placenta can be pooled together with progeny derived from one or more additional isolated placentas for use in treating a mammal in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the method for treating a mammal in need of hematopoietic reconstitution involves a mammal that has aplastic anemia, a hematopoietic malignancy, an autoimmune disease, a genetic disorder, an immunodeficiency, a malignant solid tumor, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the mammal in need of hematopoietic reconstitution has a hematopoietic malignancy selected from leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome. In further embodiments, the mammal in need of hematopoietic reconstitution has an immunodeficiency resulting from irradiation, chemotherapy, infection by a pathogenic microorganism, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the described subject matter includes a method for regenerating damaged tissue in a mammal in need thereof, comprising: (a) culturing in vitro the cord blood stem cells isolated according to claim 1, thereby producing differentiated cells or expanded stem cells; and (b) introducing into the mammal intravenously or direct injection into the target organ a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the differentiated cells or expanded stem cells, whereby tissue regeneration is effected. In a further embodiment, a method is described for regenerating damaged tissue in a mammal in need thereof, comprising introducing into the mammal intravenously or direct injection into the target organ a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the cord blood stem cells isolated according to claim 1, whereby tissue regeneration is effected.

In other embodiments, a method is described for regenerating damaged tissue in a mammal in need thereof, wherein the tissue comprises one or more of cardiac tissue, muscle tissue, liver tissue, skin, neural tissue, bone tissue, epithelia, stroma, or endothelium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In the detailed description of the invention presented below, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1. Pulsatile machine placenta perfusion (PMPP) enables 1.5-fold increase total mononuclear cell count per placenta (venipuncture fraction plus PMPP fraction) compared to venipuncture alone. The figure represents an analysis of 8 placenta derived CB samples obtained by venipuncture method (solid black) followed by machine placenta perfusion method (stripe pattern). Arabic numbers below each bar represent the sample numbers displayed in the Table 1. (FIG. 1) Raw data is presented in Table 3.

FIG. 2. Percentage of CD34+ cell fraction obtained via PMPP method contained 4.9-fold increased percentage compared to that from the venipuncture fraction.

FIG. 3. CD34+ cell count from venipuncture fraction and PMPP fraction was 7.4×10⁶±5.9×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range of 8 patients, 1.1-18.2×10⁶) and 28.8×10⁶±37×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 1.6-116×10⁶), respectively, indicating that PMPP fraction contained a 3.9-fold increased total CD34+ cells.

FIG. 4. The mean percentage of CD34+/CD38− cells in venipuncture and PMPP fractions was 0.32±0.17% (mean±S.D.) (range 0.04-0.66) and 4.4±4.1% (mean±S.D.) (range 1.3-14), respectively demonstrating that PMPP fraction contained a 13-14-fold increased CD34+/CD38− cell population percentage compared to venipuncture fraction.

FIG. 5. The absolute number of CD34+/CD38− cells in venipuncture and PMPP fraction was 1.7±1.5×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0.12-5.2) and 17±22×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0.86-65), respectively (FIG. 5), indicating that PMPP fraction contained 10 times more CD34+/CD38− cells.

FIG. 6. CD133+ cell percentage in venipuncture and PMPP fraction was 0.55±0.8% (mean±S.D.) (range 0-2.5) and 2.4±2.0% (mean±S.D.) (range 0.5-6.8) respectively, demonstrating a 4-fold enriched CD133+ cell percentage in PMPP fraction.

FIG. 7. CD133+ cell number in venipuncture and PMPP fraction was 0.98±0.8×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0-2.3) and 6.3±0.8×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0.55-11.2), respectively. CD133+ cell population in PMPP fraction was significantly enriched at a 6.3-fold higher level.

FIGS. 8A and 8B. The mean percentage and absolute number of CD34+/CD38+ cells in venipuncture and PMPP fractions was 1.34±0.6% (mean±S.D.) (range 0.26-2), 6.1±5.1×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 1.0-16.2), and 3.5±1.6% (mean±S.D.) (range 0.82-6), 11.9±15×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0.78-50), respectively, demonstrating a 2.6-fold and 1.95-fold increase CD34+/CD38+ percentage and absolute number, respectively, favoring PMPP.

FIGS. 9A and 9B. The mean percentage and absolute number of CD133+/CD34− cells in venipuncture and pulsatile machine placenta perfusion fractions was 0.37±0.7% (mean±S.D.) (range 0-2), 0.36±0.7×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0-1.9) and 1.16±1.5% (mean±S.D.) (range 0-5), 2.4±3.3×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0-9.9), respectively, indicating that PMPP fraction contained 3 times enriched CD133+/CD34− and 6.6 times more CD133+/CD34− cell number.

FIGS. 10A and 10B. The mean percentage and absolute number of CD133+/CD34+ cells in venipuncture and pulsatile machine placenta perfusion fractions was 0.62±0.5% (mean+S.D.) (range 0-0.6), 0.68±0.6×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0-1.89) and 1.26±0.8% (mean±S.D.) (range 0.35-2.9), 4.0±5.6×10⁶ (mean±S.D.) (range 0.35-16.5), respectively, demonstrating that PMPP contained 2 times enriched CD133+/CD34+ cells and 5.9-fold increase CD133+/CD34+ absolute cell number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following detailed description, the methods of the present invention can be performed in a number of different variations, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

Although a number of discrete embodiments are described below, it is to be understood that these are merely non-limiting examples, and that any given embodiment of the invention may comprise some of the features of one shown embodiment, and/or some of the features of another shown embodiment.

A method of collecting cord blood stem cells is described that can comprise or consist of perfusing, for example pulsatile perfusing, an isolated non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated mammalian (any species including horse) placenta with a perfusion solution to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood stem cells; collecting the perfusate comprising cord blood stem cells; and isolating cord blood stem cells from the perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells.

In addition, a method is described wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in at least a 1.5-fold increase in total mononuclear cell count obtained from one placenta compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

A further method is described, wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in at least a 2-fold increase, a >2-fold increase to a 10-fold increase, a 4-fold increase to a 6-fold increase, or a 5.5-fold increased percentage of CD34+ cells obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

A method is described, wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in a 4.9-fold increased total CD34+ cells obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

Also, a method is described, wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in at least a 5-fold increase, a >5-fold increase to a 20-fold increase, a 12-fold increase to an 18-fold increase, or a 14.8-fold increased CD34+/CD38− cell population percentage obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

A method is described, wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in at least 5 times more, 5 times to 20 times more, 10 times to 15 times more, or 11 times more CD34+/CD38− cells being collected compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

A further method is described, wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in at least a 2-fold, a 2-fold to a 10-fold, a 4-fold to an 8-fold, or a 5-fold enriched CD133+ cell percentage obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

A method is described, wherein the perfusate, for example, resulting from pulsatile perfusion, plus aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a conventional exsanguination method results in at least a 3-fold, a 3-fold to a 15-fold, a 5-fold to an 19-fold, or a 7-fold higher CD133+ cell population obtained compared to aspiration of cord blood from the umbilical vasculature with a needle and syringe alone.

I. Definitions

The below definitions serve to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms.

Perfuse. The term “perfuse” or “perfusion” refers to the act of inducing a flow of a fluid over or through a non-exsanguinated or a partially exsanguinated placenta, preferably the passage of fluid through a non-exsanguinated or a partially exsanguinated placenta with sufficient force or pressure to remove any residual cells, e.g., non-attached cells from the organ or tissue. As used herein, the term “perfusate” refers to the fluid collected following its passage through an organ or tissue. In a preferred embodiment, the perfusate contains one or more anticoagulants. A flow of perfusion solution can comprise a pressure-mediated flow of perfusion solution. A pressure-mediated flow of solution can comprise a positive or negative pressure mediated flow of solution. A pressure mediated flow of solution can comprise a pulsatile flow of solution.

Perfusing can comprise perfusing with at least a first volume of perfusion solution for a period of time of from about 10 minutes to about 1 hour; from about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes; or from about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes.

Perfusing can comprise perfusing a non-exsanguinated or a partially exsanguinated placenta in an open or closed rigid or deformable container. The container can comprise a volume of perfusion solution such that the non-exsanguinated or a partially exsanguinated isolated placenta is submerged in the perfusion solution contained in the container during perfusing, whereby the volume of perfusion solution and the perfusion solution contained in the container are combined prior to isolating cord blood stem cells there from. The submerged isolated placenta and surrounding perfusion solution can be at ambient pressure or can be subjected to a positive and/or negative pressure.

Perfusing can comprise subjecting a non-exsanguinated or a partially exsanguinated placenta to a pulsatile flow of perfusion solution using a pulsatile or peristaltic pump, for example, at from about 15 to about 90 beats/min and at a systolic pressure of from about 15 to about 90 mmHg; or at about 60 beats/min and at a systolic pressure of from about 30 to about 70 mmHg.

The pressure source used to push or pull perfusion solution through the mammalian placenta will be sufficient to generate a flow of solution from a pressurized system, for example, a peristaltic or pulsatile pump or device. The use of peristaltic pumping systems facilitates retention of sterility in the solutions being induced to flow through the placenta. The actual pressure level or pumping rate is adjusted to optimize removal of cord blood from a partially exsanguinated or non-exsanguinated placenta.

Perfusion solution. The term “perfusion solution” means any physiologically compatible solution or media comprising an anticoagulant sufficient to sustain viability of cord blood cells comprising stem cells. Suitable perfusion solutions can comprise of consist of a RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) media, optionally comprising gluconate and/or heparin, for example 1000U heparin for a total volume of 1 liter; and Belzer MPS optionally comprising heparin, for example 2000U heparin for a total volume of 600-750 ml. Other suitable perfusion solutions are known and can be readily selected and employed by one of ordinary skill in the art. Perfusing can comprise perfusing with at least a first volume of perfusion solution. Perfusing can be carried out at a temperature of from about 4° C. to about 27° C., for example, at room temperature.

First Volume. The term “first volume” means a volume of a perfusion solution for perfusing a non-exsanguinated or partially exsanguinated isolated mammalian placenta. The first volume of perfusing solution can comprise or consist of from about 250 ml perfusion solution to about 2 liters, from about 400 ml to about 1.5 liters; from about 500 ml to about 1.2 liters, from about 600 ml to about 1 liter; and from about 600 ml to about 750 ml perfusion solution.

Pressure Mediated Flow. The term “pressure mediated flow” means a flow of perfusion solution induced by positive or negative pressure.

Negative Pressure. The term “negative pressure” means a pressure below atmospheric pressure, i.e., less than one atmosphere.

Positive Pressure. The term “positive pressure” means a pressure at or above one atmosphere, i.e., greater than or equal to one atmosphere.

Exsanguinated Placenta. The term “Exsanguinated Placenta” means an isolated placenta from which all circulating blood has been removed or withdrawn, i.e., to make bloodless.

Non-Exsanguinated. The term “Non-Exsanguinated Placenta” means an isolated placenta from which no circulating blood has been removed or withdrawn.

Partially-Exsanguinated. The term “Partially-Exsanguinated Placenta” means an isolated placenta from which a portion of the circulating blood has been removed or withdrawn.

Stem Cell. As used herein, the term “stem cell” refers to a master cell that can reproduce indefinitely to form the specialized cells of tissues and organs. A stem cell is a developmentally pluripotent or multipotent cell. A stem cell can divide to produce two daughter stem cells, or one daughter stem cell and one progenitor (“transit”) cell, which then proliferates into the tissue's mature, fully formed cells. The “stem cell” used herein includes “progenitor cells” unless otherwise noted.

Hematopoietic stem cells are rare primitive blood cell progenitors that have the capacity to self-replicate, so as to maintain a continuous source of regenerative cells, and to differentiate, so as to give rise to various morphologically recognizable precursors of blood cell lineages. These precursors are immature blood cells that cannot self-replicate and must differentiate into mature blood cells including the erythroid, lymphoid and myeloid cells. Within the bone marrow microenvironment, the stem cells self-proliferate and actively maintain continuous production of all mature blood cell lineages throughout life.

Human cord blood derived CD133+ cells carry characteristics of primitive hematopoietic cells that offer an alternative to CD34+ cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Jaatinen et al., 2006). Unlike CD34+ cells, CD133+ cells are considered to be highly noncommitted with the capacity to self-renew and differentiate. It is a more homogenous cell population than CD34+ cells. In addition, CD133+ cells have been shown to have a higher clonogenic capacity than CD34+/CD133− cells. CD133 expression is not necessarily associated with CD34 expression (Jaatinen et al., 2006).

CD34+ cells are defined as the earliest hematopoietic stem cell identifiable in bone marrow, peripheral blood or neonatal cord blood. The supplement and the medium of the present invention are particularly suited for supporting the expansion of CD34+ cells and cells of myeloid lineage, including BFU-E cells, erythrocytes, CFU-MEG cells, megakaryocytes, CFU-GM cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils eosinophils, and basophils. In earlier stages of development, cells of myeloid lineage express the CD34+ marker protein. In later stages of development, cells of myeloid lineage do not express detectable levels of the CD34+ marker protein.

Whether a cord blood stem cell expresses the CD34+ marker protein can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using well-known techniques, such as fluorescence activated cell sorting.

CD34+ hematopoietic cells” or “CD34+ cells” are hematopoietic cells which express the CD34+ surface marker protein. Such cells include but are not limited to hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid progenitor or precursor cells, erythroid progenitor or precursor cells, and lymphoid progenitor or precursor cells.

CD34+ cells can be isolated from collected cord blood and/or perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells using methods that are well known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Various systems are available to those of ordinary skill in art. For example, the MicroCELLector System® (Applied Immune Sciences), the MiniMacs System (Miltenvi Biotec), the StemSep™ system (StemCell Technologies) can be used can be used to isolate CD34+ cells. To prepare a preparation of cells enriched for CD34+ cells on a larger scale, systems marketed by Baxter Healthcare and CellPro are available to those of ordinary skill in the art.

The terms “hematopoietic stem cell” and “pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell” refer to a cell which can give rise to any type of hematopoietic progenitor or precursor cell, including myeloid progenitor or precursor cells, erythroid progenitor or precursor cells, and lymphoid progenitor or precursor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells display a CD34+/CD133−/CD38− phenotype or a CD34+/HLD-DR.−/CD38− phenotype (Daley, J. P. et al., Focus 18:62-67 (1996); Pimentel, E., Ed., Handbook of Growth Factors Vol. III: Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Cytokines, pp. 1-2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1994).

1. Method of Collecting Placenta CB Cells with or without Prior Conventional CB Harvesting

A proof of concept pilot test for a method for CB harvesting using a pulsatile perfusion technology using Waters' RM3 pulsative perfusion device (Waters Medical Systems, Rochester, Minn.) widely used for renal preservation was successful. The device was originally designed to improve the immediate function of the kidneys which are stored prior to transplant. The perfusion solution consisted of RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) media with gluconate and 1000U heparin for a total of 1 liter or Belzer MPS plus 1000-2000U heparin (600-750 ml Belzer MPS with 2000U heparin sodium). Presently, it has been shown using a baboon placenta, the feasibility of this method and successful perfusion and removal of the entire remaining placenta CB. The collection of an absolute total mononuclear cell count, colony forming cell (CFC) count, CD34+ and CD34+/CD38− percentage and count was approximately 2-fold higher when machine perfusion was added to the conventional venipuncture method compared to venipuncture method alone.

Based on the promising baboon CB collection by pulsatile machine perfusion, this method was tested on human placentas. Eight CB collections were performed on 36-41 week placentas from 7 normal vaginal deliveries and one caesarian section under the clinical protocol approved by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board. Partial CB collection was first done by venipuncture with needle/syringe to aspirate the maximal quantity possible as soon as the umbilical cord was clamped and the baby was delivered while the placenta was still in uterus. This method is used for both trans-vaginal and caesarian section to maximize the yield of CB collection and it is one of several methods used widely for routine CB collection. The 18 gauge needle was attached to 30 or 60 ml syringes and the aspirated CB material was immediately transferred to a 50 ml conical tube containing 5000U of heparin solution. The collected CB was immediately mixed with heparin to prevent clotting and stored in an ice chest. The mean CB volume collected by this procedure was 59±18 ml (mean±S.D.) (range 40-90 ml). Next, the placenta was delivered routinely and placed directly into a sterile isolation bag (3M Health Care St. Paul, Minn.). If the placenta required visual examination, it was placed on a sterile tray and transferred into a sterile isolation bag at the time of completion of the examination. The placenta was weighed within the sterile bag as well. The sterile bag was tightly closed and placed into triple bag isolation and kept in an ice chest without any manipulations until the placenta perfusion was initiated. The placentas were perfused between 6.25 and 39 hours after delivery. A placenta can be cooled after isolation at a temperature of from about −3° C. to about 15° C., from about −8° C. to about 10° C., from about −2° C. to about 6° C., or from about 0° C. to about 6° C., provided the placenta is not permitted to freeze. The cooled placenta can be maintained prior to perfusing at a temperature above freezing, for example, at from about >0° C. to about 15° C., at about >0° C. to about 10° C., or at about 2° C. to about 6° C., for a period of time of from about 30 minutes to about 60 hours, from about 1 hour to about 50 hours; from about 6 hours to about 40 hours; from about 10 hours to about 40 hours; from about 15 hours to about 40 hours; or from about 20 hours to about 40 hours.

To perform pulsatile machine placental perfusion (PMPP), the placenta was placed on a sterile field and examined to determine whether there were any lacerations or tears in the placenta. Then, the umbilical cord was examined to look for 2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical cord vein. One or more of the two umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein were be canulated to facilitate perfusing. First, a 6 mm straight cannula was inserted into an umbilical cord vein and tied in place with o-silk tie, then; both arteries were each inserted with 2 mm straight cannulas and tied in place with o-silk ties. The placenta was placed onto a closed perfusion circuit (Waters RM3 kidney perfusion pump) which was primed with Belzer MPS plus 1000-2000U heparin (600-750 ml Belzer MPS with 2000U heparin sodium) at a temperature of 1° C. to 27° C. Belzer MPS is a FDA approved organ perfusate used for preservation of cadaver donated organs for transplantation (Gage et al, 1997). Pulsatile Machine perfusion was performed at 60 beats/min and the systolic pressure was at between 30-70 mmHg. The average time to complete perfusion was 26 minutes (range 20-30 min). To determine the completion of placental perfusion, we used the placenta tissue color change from a dusky blue color into a clear white color as a marker for a total evacuation of the vascular content in the placenta.

Eight CB samples were collected using venipuncture and machine placenta perfusion method from the same subject and their quantitative descriptions are summarized in Table I. The mean CB volume collected by venipuncture was as described above. The mean CB volume from the pulsatile machine placenta perfusion method was not measurable since the perfusate and CB was mixed at the end. The mean gestation of the harvested placenta was 38.6 weeks (range 36-41 weeks) and the mean placenta size for diameter and thickness was 20×1 cm (17-22×1 cm). The placentas were obtained from one caesarian section (sample 1) and 7 vaginal deliveries (sample 2-8). Mean time from placenta delivery to the initiation of perfusion was 17 hours (mean) (6.25-39 hours), and the duration time of placenta perfusion procedure was less than 30 min per placenta (mean 26 minutes, range 20-30 min) (Table I). There was thrombosis found in 3 placentas (samples 3, 5, and 6) and it was approximately 5%, 10%, and 7% of the total placenta area but not seen in other subjects. These placentas were packed in ice at a temperature of 4° C. in a thermally insulated chest between 19 and 39 hours until the initiation of perfusion. Overall, there was no difficulty in performing machine perfusion for every placenta we tested including those with thrombosis and no barotrauma was observed due to pulsatile machine perfusion.

TABLE I Characteristics of cord blood collections from 8 placentas Placenta CB size volume Blood (diameter × Time to Perfusion by Method clot in Sample Gestation thickness perfusion time syringe of placenta no. (week) cm) (hr) (hr) (ml) delivery (%) 1 39 18 × 1 9.5 0.5 50 caesarian 0 2 39 19 × 1 7 0.5 80 vaginal 0 3 39 22 × 1 27 0.42 65 vaginal 5 4 40 21 × 1 15 0.37 62 vaginal 0 5 36 18 × 1 39 0.33 40 vaginal 10 6 40 25 × 1 19 0.42 90 vaginal 7 7 36 17 × 1 6.25 0.33 46 vaginal 0 8 40 21 × 1 12.5 0.6 40 vaginal 0

2. Analysis of Collected Solution from PMPP in Comparison to Conventional Cord Blood Harvesting Method.

CB Mononuclear Cell Isolation

CB cells obtained from venipuncture of the placental vasculature were first diluted with Iscove's modified Dulbecco's media (IMDM) at 1:5 and mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque (Sigma Diagnostic, St Louis, Mo.) density gradient centrifugation as described previously (Takebe et al., 2002). The layer containing mononuclear cells was gently aspirated, the cells washed twice with PBS solution and enumerated by cytometer. Cell viability was confirmed by trypan blue exclusion method. CB cells obtained via PMPP were processed similarly to the CB cells from venipuncture. However, these cells were mixed in a large volume of perfusate (650 to 800 ml total volume). This perfusate was aliquoted among several dozen or so 50 ml conical tubes which were centrifuged together at 1800 rpm for 20 minutes to obtain the buffy coat layer. Then, the cells were further separated for mononuclear cells with Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. CB cells were washed and enumerated as described above.

Flow Cytometry Analysis

Mononuclear cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies including anti-human CD38-FITC, CD34-APC (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, Calif.), AC133-PE (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, Calif.) and analyzed by Facstar-plus (Becton Dickinson) per manufacturer's instructions. Isotype controls were performed using appropriate antibodies in parallel for each sample.

CD34+ Cell Selection

The aliquot of CB mononuclear cells obtained from Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation were further isolated to enrich CD34+ cell population by magnetic cell separation method using the CD34 progenitor Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) per manufacture's instructions. Purified cell number and viability was determined by cytometer and trypan blue exclusion test. Enrichment for CD34+ cells was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis, and each isolation batch showed greater than 90% CD34+ cell purity with viability above 95% by trypan blue exclusion method.

Methylcellulose Colony Forming Unit Assays.

Purified CB CD34+ cells (3×10³ per plate) were seeded into the 35-mm culture dishes as described previously (Takebe et al, 2002). Cells were cultured in the commercially available culture media, MethoCult (StemCell Technology, Vancouver, Canada), consisted of 1 ml IMDM, 1% methylcellulose, BSA, 2-mercaptoethanol, L-glutamine, insulin, transferrin, SCF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF, and erythropoietin per manufacturer's instructions. At day 14, the colonies (larger than 50 cells) were enumerated from duplicated culture dishes.

TABLE II Summary of colony forming units from 3 CB samples containing a matched pair sample from venipuncture method and machine placenta perfusion method. Sample CFU-GM (a) CFU-GEMM (b) BFU-E number *VP **PL VP PL VP PL 1 366 ± 59 110 ± 42 2 ± 0.7   6 ± 0.7 1 ± 0 0 2 608 ± 36 197 ± 36 4 ± 0.7  12 ± 1.4 0 7 ± 0.7 3  650 ± 173 243 ± 40 1 ± 1.4 9 ± 3 0 3 ± 1.4 CFU-GM: colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage CFU-GEMM: colony-forming unit-granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte BFU-E: burst forming unit-erythroid (a) and (b): paired t-test showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between venipuncture and machine placenta perfusion. *VP: venipuncture method **PL: PMPP method

TABLE III Phenotype characteristics of CB stem cells collected via venipuncture or PMPP method Patient VP* PL** VP PL VP PL VP PL No. TMNC*** TMNC CD34+ CD34+ CD34+38− CD34+/38− CD34+38+ CD34+38+ Patient 1  50 × 10⁶ 63 × 10⁶  1.1^(a) (2.2)^(b)  2.7^(a) (4.4)^(b) 0.12^(a) (0.2)^(b) 0.92^(a) (1.5)^(b)  1.0^(a) (2)^(b)  1.9^(a) (3)^(b) Patient 2 200 × 10⁶ 72 × 10⁶  4.9 (2.5)  6.3 (8)   0.66 (0.3)   1.98 (2.8)  3.1 (1.5)  4.3 (6) Patient 3 770 × 10⁶ 300 × 10⁶    15 (2) 56.8 (18)    2.7 (0.35)     42 (14) 16.2 (2) 16.6 (5.5) Patient 4 840 × 10⁶ 100 × 10⁶  1.76 (0.2) 2.25 (2.25)    1.6 (0.19)   1.43 (1.43) 2.18 (.26) 0.82 (0.82) Patient 5 115 × 10⁶ 1290 × 10⁶   2.4 (2)  116 (9)   0.44 (0.4)     65 (5.1)  1.9 (1.7)   50 (3.9) Patient 6 520 × 10⁶ 260 × 10⁶   8.3 (1.6) 28.6 (11)    2.4 (0.46)   19.2 (7.4)  5.9 (1.14)  9.5 (3.65) Patient 7 790 × 10⁶ 47 × 10⁶ 18.2 (2.23)  1.6 (3.45)    5.2 (0.66)   0.86 (1.82) 12.4 (1.57) 0.78 (1.65) Patient 8 1260 × 10⁶  330 × 10⁶  6.99 (0.55) 16.1 (4.9)    0.5 (0.04)   4.29 (1.3) 6.43 (0.51) 11.2 (3.38) *VP: venipuncture method **PL: PMPP method **TMNC: total mononuclear cells ^(a)×10⁶ ^(b)percentage of total mononuclear cells

TABLE IV Phenotype characteristics of CB stem cells collected via venipuncture or PMPP method Patient VP* PL** VP PL VP PL VP PL No. CD133+ CD133+ CD133+34+ CD133+34+ CD133+38− CD133+38− CD133+34− CD133+34− Patient 1  1.3^(a) (1.0)^(b)  1.4^(a) (2.3)^(b) 0.32^(a) (0.6)^(b) 0.84^(a) (1.3)^(b) 0.08^(a) (.15)^(b) 0.61^(a) (.97)^(b)   1^(a) (2)^(b)  0.6^(a) (0.96)^(b) Patient 2  2.3 (2.5)  4.9 (6.8)    0.6 (0.3)    1.3 (1.8)    1.1 (0.57)    4.1 (5.6) 1.9 (0.97)  3.6 (5) Patient 3 0.46 (.06)  3.8 (1.2)   0.54 (.07)    3.7 (1.2)     0 (0)    3.7 (1.25)   0 (0)   0 (0) Patient 4   0 (0)  0.8 (0.8)     0 (0)   0.35 (0.35)     0 (0)   0.88 (.88)   0 (0) 0.43 (.43) Patient 5 0.43 (.37)   26 (2.1)    0.6 (0.53)   16.5 (1.3)     0 (0)     27 (2.1)   0 (0)  9.9 (0.77) Patient 6  1.8 (0.35) 11.2 (4.3)    1.5 (0.29)    7.5 (2.9)    0.4 (0.08)    9.5 (3.65)   0 (0)  4.4 (1.7) Patient 7   0 (0) 0.55 (1.18)     0 (0)   0.35 (0.74)     0 (0)   0.49 (1.04)   0 (0) 0.21 (0.44) Patient 8 1.51 (0.12) 1.65 (0.5)   1.89 (0.15)   1.68 (0.51)     0 (0)   2.54 (0.77)   0 (0) 0.03 (0.01) *VP: venipuncture method **PL: PMPP method **TMNC: total mononuclear cells ^(a)× 10⁶ ^(b)percentage of total mononuclear cells

Navy proprietary cell human brain endothelial cell line (HUBEC) was capable of expanding human bone marrow (BM)-derived human stem cells (HSC) in vitro and also to test whether expanded HSC were capable of engrafting NOD-SCID mice. It was found that during the ex vivo expansion culture using a HUBEC/cytokine system, a significant amount of suspension cells started to attach to the HUBEC layer after 7 days of culture. Morphologically, the cells were on the surface of the HUBEC layers and not de-adhered by rigorous pipetting or using EDTA solutions. The adherent cell population was characterized by FACS analysis to compare phenotypes between the suspension and the adherent cell population. The adherent cell population was approximately 40% of the total cell expansion in the suspension fraction and approximately 50% of the total CD34+/CD38− population in the suspension fraction. It was also found that human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived HSC were able to expand, comparable to human BM cells, measured by CD34+/CD38-phenotype based on preliminary results. Prenatal baboon UCB cells were examined to test for cross reactivity with human monoclonal antibodies. Baboon UCB cell phenotypes were tested by FACS analysis from more than 4 pregnancies. Baboon UCB-derived HSC from full-term pregnaht baboon were tested for phenotype, colony-forming cell (CFC) and long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC).

Human BM Ex Vivo Expansion

Human BM cells enriched for CD34+ cells were obtained from a commercially available source (Cambrex Bio Science Walkersville, Inc.; Walkersville, Md.). The cytokine combination used included 50 ng/ml flt-3, 120 ng/ml stem cell factor (SCF), 2 ng/ml granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 5 ng/ml interleukin 3 (IL-3), and 5 ng/ml IL-6. The expansion media contained Iscove modified Dulbecco medium (IMDM) containing 10% FBS and L-glutamine. It was found that there was a difference in NOD-SCID mice engraftment rate between freshand frozen human BM CD34+ cells, as frozen cells had poor engraftment compared to fresh cells.

HUBEC/Cytokine Combination Increases Primitive Cell Population of Human HSC but not HUBEC Alone

It was found that HUBEC co-culture alone without cytokine would not expand the primitive HSC phenotype of human BM cells. HUBEC co-culture with cytokine gave the best CD34+/CD38-increase in human BM cells, but minimal increase when the cells were cultured with the same cytokine without HUBEC cells. The expansion capability of HUBEC was tested. The study showed that there was negative expansion of CD34+/CD38-population with HUBEC alone (Table V).

TABLE V Expansion of Adult Human BM CD34+ Cells With Either Cytokine Alone, HUBEC/Cytokine, or HUBEC Alone Culture condition Total cell yield CD34+ CD34+/CD38− CFC Input (day 0) 1 1 1 1 Cytokine alone 15.5 (10.2) 3.4 (3.0) 4.8 (0.25) 0.9 (3.4) HUBEC/cytokine 25.0 (16.4) 8.9 (5.4) 114 (212) 21 (13.4) HUBEC alone 1.0 0.06 0.25 0 Human BMM CD34+ cells 1 × 10⁵/ well (6-well plate) were plated (n = 3 per group). Nonadherent cells were harvested on day 7 of culture and analyzed via flow cytometry. Numbers in parentheses reflect the Cytokine cocktail contains fit-3 ligand, SCF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6 in IMDM media and 10% FBS Phenotypic Analysis of BM CD34+ Enriched Cells Attached to the HUBEC Monolayer

The HSC which were found to be attached to the HUBEC monolayer and could not be separated from HUBEC cells by either rigorous pipetting or other chemical methods were examined. Ex vivo expansion using human BM cells was performed. To delineate the immunophenotypes of the cells from the two populations, the suspension cell fraction, including cells easily detached by PBS washing, was harvested. Then, to harvest the adherent cell population, HUBEC and adherent cells were trypsinized, washed, and resuspended in IMDM media containing 10% FBS to place into a new flask. Thirty minutes later, HUBEC cells were all attached to the bottom of the flask and HSC cells were in the suspension fraction. The suspension fraction was harvested, and the saved suspension fraction was analyzed by FACS analysis for total cell expansion, CD34+ expansion, and CD34+/CD38− expression. The result is shown in Table VI. We found that the adherent fraction also contained significant amounts of total cell number, but CD34+ or CD34+/CD38− fraction increase was approximately 50% that of the supernatant fraction. The adherent cell population was analyzed and determined to contain primitive HSC phenotype.

TABLE VI Comparison of the Two Fractions (Suspension and Adherent) of Cells After 7 Days HUBEC Co-Culture Day 7 fold expansion Cell Source Total cell yield CD34+ CD34+/CD38− Input (day 0) 1 1 1 Suspension 18.8 4.3 139.0 Adherent 12.5 1.7 64.5 Suspension + adherent 31.0 4.3 129.0 Human BM CD34+ enriched cells (5 × 10⁵) were plated per culture treatment and nonadherent and adherent cells were harvested separately on day 7 of culture and analyzed via flow cytometry. HUBEC-Cultured Cells Engrafted NOD-SCID Mice

The question of whether culture with a HUBEC/cytokine system supports human BM CD34+ cells that engraft NOD-SCID mice was examined. Prior to this experiment, we tested whether frozen adult BM CD34+ cells would engraft similarly to fresh adult BM CD34+ cells. We injected freshly thawed 1.5×10⁶ frozen BM CD34+ cells per mouse (n=4) into each animal after we confirmed the viability of the cells. The same dose fresh of BM CD34+ cells were injected into each of 4 mice. The mice were sacrificed at week 8 after injection. Greater than 0.5% detection of human CD45+ was our cut off for positive engraftment. None of the frozen BM CD34+ cells engrafted whereas all freshBM CD34+ cells did. We chose fresh BM CD34+ cells for all NOD-SCID engraftment assays and all in vitro expansion data shown in this proposal was obtained with fresh BM CD34+ cells.

We injected fresh adult BM CD34+ cells (Cambrex) (n=30) or the progeny of fresh BM CD34+ cells cultured with HUBEC/cytokine for 7 days (n=26) over a range of doses (1×10⁵, 5×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1.5×10⁶). Transplantation of 1×10⁵ fresh BM CD34+ cells resulted in no engraftment in 8 mice, whereas transplantation of 5×10⁵ BM CD34+ cells resulted in engraftment in only 2 of 9 recipients (22%) at low human CD45+ cell levels (mean 0.73) (Table VII). At a dose of 1.5×10⁶ BM CD34+ cells, 5 out of 5 mice that underwent transplantation showed human cell engraftment at moderate human CD45+ cell level (mean 5.4%). When the progeny of HUBEC/cytokine cultures over the same dose range were transplanted, the rate of NOD/SCID engraftment increased. Although the progeny of 1×10⁵ BMCD34+ cells cultured with HUBEC/cytokine had no engraftment (0 out of 8) the progeny of 5×10⁵ BMCD34+ cells engrafted in 5 of 10 mice (50%) (mean 3.7% human CD45+ cells). The progeny of 1.5×10⁶ and 2.0×10⁶ BM CD34+.cells cultured with HUBEC/cytokine were lethal due to increased number of cells present (cells injected were over 5×10⁷ cells/mouse) after expansion in the culture. Injection of 1.5×10⁶ or 2.0×10⁶ BM CD34+.cells cultured with HUBEC/cytokine caused immediate cardiac arrest after tail vein injections.

TABLE VII NOD-SCID engraftment after human BM CD34+ cell injection Cell dose No expansion Expansion (CD34+) N = 30 N = 18   1 × 10⁶ 0/8 (0%)  (0%) 0/8  (0%)  (18%)   5 × 10⁶ 2/9 (22%)  (45%) 5/10 (50%)  (90%)   1 × 10⁶ 1/7 (14%)  (72%) Pending (100%) 1.5 × 10⁶ 5/5 (100%) (100%) lethal (100%) 2.0 × 10⁶ 1/1 (100%) lethal The value indicates the number of mice injected and the value within the parenthesis is a percentage of engraftment in the dose level.

Human CD45+ cell engraftment in mice that received a transplant of the progeny of 5×105 BM CD34+ cells following.HUBEC/cytokine culture was further analyzed for CD3, CD14, and CD34 expression. Detailed FACS analysis demonstrated myeloid differentiation (CD34=0.15%, CD3=0.3%, and CD14=2.1%) in mice receiving a transplant of limiting doses of HUBEC-cultured cells.

Human UCB Ex Vivo Expansion:

We have demonstrated that a HUBEC/cytokine co-culture system expanded a human BM CD34+.subset with an increased rate of NOD-SCID engraftment. Due to the high proliferation potential of UCB, we hypothesized that human UCB CD34+ cells could expand in an equivalent or superior manner to BM CD34+ cells. We obtained fresh human UCB CD34+ enriched cells from a commercially available source (Cambrex). In order to increase our UCB CD34+ cell supply, we have separated UCB CD34+ cells using the EasySep kit (StemCell Technology, CA) with magnetic beads. UCB was obtained from the New York Blood Center. We have been successful in separation of CD34+ UCB cells (CD34+>70%) using this method.

We also examined whether HUBEC co-culture alone without cytokine had no effect on primitive HSC phenotype of human UCB cells as it did for BM cells. The result was same as with BM cells, in that either HUBEC alone or cytokine alone did not increase CD34+/CD38− phenotype, but a combination of HUBEC with cytokine gave significant CD34+/CD38− increase. The summary of expansion data is shown in Table VIII.

TABLE VIII HUBEC co-culture promotes the expansion of human UCB CD34+/CD38− subset but no expansion by HUBEC alone or cytokine alone. Day 7 fold expansion Culture condition Total cell yield CD34+ CD34+/CD38− CFC Input 1 1 1 1 Cytokine alone 70.0 332 4.1 8.6 HUBEC/cytokine 58.0 46 282 59 HUBEC alone 1.0 0.1 0.2 0 Human UCB CD34+ cells (5 × 10⁵) were plated per culture treament and nonadherent cells were harvested on day 7 of culture and analyzed via flow cytometry. Numbers are shown as fold increase from untreated human UCB CD34+ cells at day 0.

Table XI is a summary of human UCB CD34+ cell ex vivo expansion results from 6 separate experiments. Numbers were shown in fold-increase from pre-ex vivo analysis and described as median and range. As seen in human fresh BM expansion data, there is a significant variability in CD34+/CD38− expansion data. We concluded that the variability could be due to the difference of input cell CD34+/CD38-number contained in each donor sample. For example, if input CD34+/CD38-fraction is less, then, post-expansion fraction would be increased significantly.

TABLE IX HUBEC co-culture promotes the expansion of human UCB CD34+/CD38− subset and CFCs. Culture Day 7 fold expansion CD34+/ condition Total cell yield CD34+ CD38− CFC Input (day 0) 1 1 1 1 HUBEC/ 19 (16.56) 25 (31,42) 280 32 (5.3,54) cytokine (27,380) Human UCB CD34+ cell (5 × 10⁵) were plated (n = 6) and nonadherent cells were harvested on day 7 of culture and analyzed via flow cytometry. Values reflect media x-fold increase and values in parenthesis reflect the range of the fold increase. Methods

Cells and Ex Vivo Culture Conditions.

HUBEC cells were initially isolated from vessel segments in the central nervous system, and they were grown in complete endothelial cell culture medium containing M199, 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 μg/ml L-glutamine, 50 μg/ml heparin, 30 μg/ml endothelial cell growth supplement, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. We obtained the cells between 4-6 passages from NMRC, enough to complete our objectives. HUBEC is thawed, and placed on a gelatin coated 75 cm² flask to grow for a week to expand the cells. CD34 selected human UCB cells are purchased from a commercially available source (Cambrex) or separated from UCB cells obtained from the New York Blood Center using the EasySep kit (StemCell Tech). HUBEC is subcultured at 1×10⁵ cells per well in gelatin-coated 6-well plates 72 hours prior to initiation of HSC co-culture. HUBEC monolayers are washed with PBS, and the media is replaced with ex vivo expansion culture medium (5 ml per well) consisting of IMDM containing 10% FBS, 200 μM L-glutamine, 2 ng/ml GM-CSF, 5 ng/ml IL-3, 5 or 100 ng/ml IL-6, 120 or 100 ng/ml SCF, 50 or 100 ng/ml flt-3 ligand, and 100 ng/ml soluble IL-6 receptor. CD34+ enriched HSC (1×10⁵ cells/well) are added to each well, and cultures are maintained at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. After 7 days of culture, non-adherent cells are harvested by washing the monolayers gently with warm complete culture medium.

Human UCB Cell Transplant into NOD-SCID Mice.

Six to eight week old NOD-SCID mice are obtained from the Jackson Laboratories. NOD-SCID mice related experiments or studies are all performed under the University of Maryland School of Medicine IACUC approved protocol (#0203019), Mice will be kept in specific pathogen-free conditions (micro-isolation caging system) located at the HSF-1 rodent barrier facility and maintained on acidified water and autoclaved food. NOD-SCID transplant procedures published previously will be used. At 6 to 8 weeks of age, mice are irradiated with 300 cGy at 57 cGy/min by a Mark 1 Cesium irradiator. Transplantation of UCB cells by tail vein injection is performed 24 hours after irradiation. Mice are infused with increasing cell numbers. Six weeks after transplantation, mice are sacrificed and the bone marrow cells will be obtained from femurs and tibias, and the cells are analyzed for human chimera using antihuman CD45-PerCP or antihuman CD11a-PE (clone HI11), respectively, with antimouse CD45.1-FITC. For human donor assessment; the third antigen is stained, with either antihuman CD3-PE, CD14−, CDI9, CD33, or CD34 PE. Engraftment is defined as detection of more than 0.5% human CD45+ cells. SRC frequency is calculated by Poisson statistics.

Rhesus BM Ex Vivo Expansion.

We have cultured rhesus BM CD34+ enriched cells in HUBEC/cytokine for 7 days to promote expansion of BM derived HSCs ex vivo. Rhesus BM cells were obtained. Rhesus CD34+ cells were isolated using EasySep magnetic beads conjugated to CD34-PE mAb which

rossreact with rhesus. CD34+ enrichment has been successful in the range of 65 to 75% (n=8). Ex vivo expansion conditions are the same used for human BM and UCB. CD34+ enriched rhesus BM cells were tested for 3 culture conditions, 1) HUBEC with cytokines, 2) HUBEC alone, and 3) cytokine cocktail alone with cell growth kinetics examined on day 4, 7, and 10 of the culture period. Table X demonstrates phenotype analysis in HUBEC/cytokine culture condition with different time points. Day 7 showed the highest fold-increase CD34+, CD34+/CD38+, and CD34+/CD38− cell fraction in HUBEC/cytokine group. Then, we compared phenotypes in 3 culture conditions listed above to test the effect of HUBEC co-culture system in rhesus BM CD34+ cells. Table XI shows that HUBEC/cytokine culture increased CD34+ phenotype 7.6-fold, which was comparable to that of 7.0-fold increase of the cytokine alone group. CD34+/CD38− phenotype fold-increase was also similar in both groups, HUBEC/cytokine and cytokine alone increased 20.8-fold and 16.1-fold, respectively. HUBEC alone, as we expected, showed no expansion for total cell number, CD34+, or CD34+/CD38− phenotype.

TABLE X HUBEC co-culture with cytokine promotes the expansion of rhesus CD34+ subsets Input (day0) Day 4 Day 7 Day 10 TNC 1 14.9 54.0 53.4 CD34+ 1 3.5 7.6 2.2 CD34+/CD38+ 1 0.9 2.1 1.2 CD34+/CD38− 1 17.6 20.8 5.9 Rhesus BM CD34+ cells (5 × 10⁵) were plated and the cells were harvested on day 4, 7, and 10, and analyzed via flow cytometry. Values are demonstrated in x-fold increase. TNC stands for total nucleated cells.

TABLE XI Rhesus BM CD34+ cells expansion with HUBEC/cytokine or cytokine alone Culture Day 7 fold expansion CD34+/ CD34+/ condition Total cell yield CD34+ CD38+ CD3− Input (day 0) 1 1 1 1 Cytokine 49 7.0 1.5 16.1 alone HUBEC 0.9 2.3 0 0 alone HUBEC/ 47.3 7.6 2.4 20.8 cytokine Rhesus BM CD34+ cells (5 x 10⁵) were plated per culture treatment and nonadherent cells were harvested on day 7 of culture and analyzed via flow cytometry. Rhesus Macaque Stem Cell Transplantation.

To show that ex vivo expanded rhesus HSCs contain short and long-tem engraftment potential, we took the first approach using rhesus macaque autologous HSC transplant. We harvested fresh BM cells for 1-2×10⁹ total nucleated cells (TNC) from rhesus bone marrow followed by hypaque density separation. Then, the cells were labeled with CD34-PE (clone 563) to stain CD34+ cells, and CD34+ cells were separated by using either Easysep or Miltenyi immunomagnetic beads method. CD34+ enriched cells were analyzed, counted, and co-cultured on HUBEC monolayer with a cytokine cocktail identical to human expansion protocol for 7 days. The cells were grown in a T-75 flask, with a density of 1×10⁵ cells/5 ml). The cells were harvested on day 7 for phenotype and total cell count analysis. The animal received total body irradiation (TBI) for 850 cGy at 7 Gy/min, was returned to the animal facility and received cells within 1 hour post TBI through intravenous catheter. Animals were followed daily for complete blood count to determine engraftment kinetics between the three groups). The first group of animals received high dose CD34+ cells (3×10⁶/kg), the second group of animals received low dose CD34+ cells (1.0×10⁶/kg), and the third group of animals received low dose CD34+ cells expanded in HUBEC/cytokine for 7 days.

To compare early engraftment potential between the 3 groups, we set parameters for duration of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count (ANC)<500/ul), time to recovery from neutropenia (ANC>500 ul), thrombocytopenia (platelet<20,000/ul), and time to recovery from thrombocytopenia (platelet >20,000/ul). Table XII demonstrates the duration for each phase by days (d) for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in the three groups of animals.

TABLE XII Rhesus autologous CD34+ cell transplant; ANC and platelet recovery parpameters DurationANC < 500 RecoveryANC > 500 Duration Plt < 20 K RecoveryPlt > 20 K CD34+ (Hi) 11.0 16.0 0 0 CD34+ (Lo) 16.7 21.7 8.0 19.0 Expanded (Lo) 19.0 22.0 12.0 22.0 HUBEC/cytoldne co-culture system increased rhesus CD34+ and CD34+/CD38− populations, and the autologous BM transplant as a functional readout demonstrated early engraftment with trilineage reconstitution. Whereas, cytokine cocktail expanded cells showed equivalent increase in cells defined by phenotype. CD34+ cells high (Hi) (3 × 10⁶/kg), CD34+ cells low (Lo) (1.0 × 10⁶/kg), and the third animal received progeny of CD34+ low (Lo) expanded cells.

A HUBEC/cytokine co-culture system increased rhesus CD34+ and CD34+/CD38− populations, and the autologous BM transplant as a functional readout demonstrated early engraftment with trilineage reconstitution. Whereas, cytokine cocktail expanded cells showed equivalent increases in cells defined by phenotype.

An autologous UCB cell transplantation protocol for baboons is also described herein.

Baboon UCB Harvesting, Immunostaining and Ex Vivo Culture:

We harvested baboon UCB from full-term pregnant placenta. The standard method for UCB cell collection is the following. After cutting the umbilical cord and clamping, an umbilical cord vessel is punctured with a 16 gauge or larger needle, connected to a 50 ml syringe and UCB is drawn while the placenta is still in utero. On average, we can obtain approximately 50 ml from one baboon placenta. To maximize the cell collection yield from one placenta due to its infrequent availability, we explored the use of an organ re-perfusion device which is designed to re-perfuse cadaver organs for transplantation. After the baboon placenta was removed from the uterus, a cannula was inserted into one of the umbilical cord arteries and the placenta was connected to the perfusion circuit primed with 1 L of RPMI with gluconate and 1000U heparin. Initial systolic pressure was set at 15 mm Hg, pulse rate of 15 beats per minute. The condition was increased as tolerated to re-perfuse efficiently with the media. We observed one artery flushed the half of the placenta completely by the color change, the other half which was not perfused remained a dark blue color due to the retained blood. After about a half hour, the placenta was removed from the cassette and the perfusate sent to the lab for analysis. After performing Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation to obtain total nucleated cells (TNC), we compared TNC count, CD34+, CD11a, CD38, CFC, and LTC-IC of the baboon UCB cells obtained by two methods, the standard method and the perfusion method side by side.

The transplant protocol involves healthy baboons (Papio anubis), around age 2, of both sexes and weighing 5 to 8 kg. The age is determined based on the estimated weight of baboons around this age, as they are able to fit into the linear accelenitor device. UCB cells from these baboons are previously cryopreserved at birth. Beginning 4 days before transplant, the animals receive eight fractions of 125 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) from a linear accelerator administered twice daily for a total of 1,000 cGy. After completion of TBI (day 0), the animals are randomized to three arms: no graft, graft composed of total nucleated cells (TNC) containing 0.5×10⁵ CD34+ cells/kg, or graft composed of the progeny of CD34+ enriched cells (0.5×10⁵/kg) after expansion: (total of 3 arms). Animals without an autologous transplant are an important group to show that TBI is lethal in the setting of a transplant engraftment study using autologous HSC without gene marking. The infused cell number per animal was determined for the following reasons. In a large human allogeneic UCB studies including children and adults, the median number of CD34+ cells/kg infused was 1.6×10⁵/kg. Since we are using autologous UCB HSC, we estimate the minimal CD34+ cell requirement will be much less due to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)disparity being less of a concern regarding engraftment kinetics. According to our rhesus BM autologous transplant study, the animal which received 1×100 CD34+/kg dose recovered without any complications. This dose is considered a 50% reducing dose than the clinically accepted dose for reasonable autologous BM recovery. Without any coexisting malignancies or no history of previous chemotherapy in these an:imals, we estimate the minimum required dose of UCB CP34+ cells about 0.5×10⁵ CD34+/kg. To test this dose level, we first inject 0.5×10⁵ CD34+/kg containing TNC into the baboon after TBI and observe engraftment kinetics. If the first animal does not show engraftment at this dose, then we give the second animal the progeny of 0.5×10⁵ CD34+/kg UCB cells after expansion with HUBEC/cytokine. If the second animal received expanded UCB at the dose level of 0.5×10⁵ CD34+/kg and does not show engraftment, then the minimum dose level is increased to 0.8×10⁵ CD34+/kg. The first animal will be injected with TNC containing 0.8×10⁵ CD34+/kg and observed for engraftment. Then, we will infuse the progeny of 0.8×10⁵ CD34+/kg expanded UCB cells

Baboon UCB Transplant.

Non-human primate studies are performed under a UMSM Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved protocol (#0602001 and additional pending protocol). The animals are housed under conditions approved by the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. Two weeks before transplant, the animals are fitted with jackets and placed on a tether system; 1 week later, central venous catheters are placed in the jugular and femoral veins. Beginning 4 days before transplant, the animals receive eight fractions of 125 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) from a linear accelerator administered twice daily for a total of 1,000 cGy. After completion of TB1 (day 0), the animals randomized to three arms receive appropriate UCB cells.

Supportive Care:

The animals will be administered 175 to 280 ml whole irradiated blood transfusions from ABO compatible donors when platelet counts will fall below 20,000/ml or upon clinical evidence of bleeding. Complete blood counts (CBC) are performed at 24- to 72-hour intervals until the animals reached transfusion independence and catheter removal. Then a CBC is performed at weekly intervals by blood collection under ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) sedation. During neutropenia (defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC)<500/μl), prophylactic antimicrobials (gentamicin i.m. or subcutaneous 10 mg/kg/day qd and Enrofloxacin (Baytril) i.m. 2.5 mg/kg B.I.D., acyclovir 100 mg/d and fluconazole 60 mg/d) will be administered via continuous infusion until ANC>500/μl is achieved.

Statistical Considerations.

NOD-SCID Mouse Engraftment Assay for Human UCB and Baboon UCB Cells:

The sample size is derived based on the main objective of demonstrating that HUBEC culturing results in at least a two-fold increase in SRC based on the Poisson model of Taswell for limiting dilution assays. For design purposes, we use the complementary log-log transformation of the Poisson model to approximate a linear model (StemSoft L-calc, Stem Cell Tech.). The relative change (the ratio of the estimated fold increase to its standard deviation) is approximately 0.50. With a total of 50 mice, such an increase can be detected with 80% power at a significance level of 5%. These 50 mice are empirically distributed to cell dose groups: 8 for 25×10³, 14 for 50×10³, 14 for 75×10³, 10 for 100×10³, and 4 for 150×10³. Maximum likelihood analysis of the SRC frequency in each cell source in the Poisson model is performed using a computer program developed previously.

Baboon UCB Transplant Model:

The sample size for this pilot study is based on comparing the 7 days ex-vivo expansion (experimental group) versus control I and control II in the primary endpoint of days to neutrophil recovery (defined as the first of three consecutive days after transplantation during which the absolute neutrophil count is at least 500 per cubic millimeter). The experiment is to compare the controls and the CD34+ expanded UCB cells with HUBEC/cytokines. The median days to neutrophil recovery in the control group II is no recovery, and group I is earlier or around 27 days (range 13 to 59), based on study data from 68 human adults transplanted with unmanipulated allogeneic umbilical cord blood stem cells with myeloablative conditioning regimen. Since we do not have any human or baboon data using autologous umbilical cord blood as a graft, we use the human study data as a surrogate. This study contains adults with hematological malignancies in which 51 of them received total body irradiation (TBI) and the rest received chemotherapeutic myeloablative regimen comparable to TBI. It is one of the most homogeneous study population with similar conditioning regimen data reported in the medical research literature. A 10-day reduction is the minimum meaningful benefit. The experiment is the first to obtain data on baboons with the new expansion methods. The experiment and sample size is thus based on detecting an effect size of 2 (the ratio of between group difference to the common variation in the groups, i.e., stimdard deviation), where the common log-normal model for recovery days is assumed. With five baboons in each group, we have 80% power to detect such a difference at a significance level of 5%. No multiple comparison adjustment is made for the two comparisons in experiment 1 and the four comparisons in experiment 2 since these comparisons are specifically defined treatments versus controls with the raw p-value being reported.

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Having described the invention in detail and by reference to the embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible, including the addition of elements or the rearrangement or combination or one or more elements, without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating a mammal comprising a damaged tissue, comprising: a) providing isolated cord blood stem cells by: i) performing machine perfusion of an isolated mammalian placenta comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells, said performing machine perfusion being done with a pressure mediated pulsatile flow of a perfusion solution to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells, wherein said isolated mammalian placenta is non-exsanguinated; ii) collecting the perfusate; and iii) isolating the cord blood stem cells from the perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells; and b) introducing into a mammal comprising a damaged tissue a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cells selected from the group consisting of the isolated cord blood stem cells and cells derived therefrom, whereby the damaged tissue is treated.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said introducing comprises: introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the isolated cord blood stem cells.
 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said introducing comprises: obtaining said cells derived therefrom by culturing in vitro the isolated cord blood stem cells, thereby producing said cells derived therefrom; and introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of said cells derived therefrom.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said cells derived therefrom are expanded stem cells.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said introducing comprises introducing into the mammal intravenously or by direct injection into the damaged tissue a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cells selected from the group consisting of isolated cord blood stem cells and cells derived therefrom.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the tissue comprises one or more of cardiac tissue, muscle tissue, liver, skin, neural tissue, bone tissue, epithelia, stroma, or endothelium.
 7. A method for treating a mammal comprising a damaged tissue, comprising: (a) optionally culturing in vitro isolated cord blood stem cells, thereby producing expanded stem cells, said isolated cord blood stem cells being obtained by: i) performing machine perfusion of an isolated mammalian placenta comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells, said performing machine perfusion being done with a pressure mediated pulsatile flow of a perfusion solution to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells, wherein said isolated mammalian placenta is non-exsanguinated; ii) collecting the perfusate; and iii) isolating the cord blood stem cells from the perfusate to produce isolated cord blood stem cells; and (b) introducing into a mammal comprising a damaged tissue a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cells selected from the group consisting of: i) said isolated cord blood stem cells; ii) said expanded stem cells, and iii) combinations thereof; whereby said damaged tissue is treated.
 8. A method for treating a mammal comprising a damaged tissue, comprising: a) providing isolated cord blood stem cells by: i) providing an isolated mammalian placenta comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells, wherein said isolated mammalian placenta is partially exsanguinated to produce a volume of cord blood comprising a first population of isolated cord blood stem cells; ii) conducting machine perfusion of the isolated mammalian placenta with a pressure mediated flow of a perfusion solution to produce a perfusate comprising cord blood comprising cord blood stem cells, wherein said machine perfusion is performed using a pump; iii) collecting the perfusate; and iv) isolating the cord blood stem cells from the perfusate to produce a second population of isolated cord blood stem cells; wherein said second population of isolated cord blood stem cells has a greater percentage of CD 133+ cells than said first population of isolated cord blood stem cells; and b) introducing into a mammal comprising a damaged tissue a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cells from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells or cells derived from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells, whereby the damaged tissue is treated.
 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said introducing comprises: introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cells from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells.
 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein said introducing comprises: obtaining said cells derived therefrom by culturing in vitro cells from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells, thereby producing said cells derived from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells; and introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of said cells derived from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells.
 11. A method according to claim 8, wherein said introducing comprises introducing into the mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cells from the second population of isolated cord blood stem cells, said composition further comprising cells from the first population of isolated cord blood stem cells. 